Orthopedic medicine encompasses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system. This includes bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles—the intricate network that supports the body and enables movement. While many people associate orthopedic care with surgery, most conditions are managed through conservative treatment methods. Dr. Joseph Cohn focuses on comprehensive, individualized care for patients experiencing orthopedic challenges—without emphasizing low back pain, which is often addressed in other specialties.
Musculoskeletal conditions can affect anyone regardless of age or activity level. Some develop gradually due to wear and tear, while others result from injury or overuse. Understanding the most common orthopedic conditions helps patients recognize early warning signs and seek timely care. Effective treatment depends on accurate diagnosis, appropriate intervention, and long-term planning for recovery and prevention.
Osteoarthritis: The Wear and Tear of Joints
Osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent orthopedic conditions, especially among older adults and individuals with joint overuse. It occurs when the cartilage that cushions joints wears away over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Osteoarthritis commonly affects the knees, hips, hands, and shoulders. As the cartilage erodes, bones may rub against each other, causing inflammation and discomfort that can impact daily activities like walking or climbing stairs.
Treatment for osteoarthritis varies depending on the severity of the condition. Mild to moderate cases often respond well to lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be recommended to reduce inflammation and improve joint mobility. When conservative measures are no longer effective, surgical options like joint replacement may be considered. Dr. Cohn evaluates each patient’s joint function and quality of life before recommending next steps, always aiming to preserve mobility and reduce pain through the least invasive methods possible.
Rotator Cuff Injuries: Shoulder Weakness and Pain
The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that stabilize the shoulder and allow for smooth arm movement. Injuries to the rotator cuff are common in athletes, older adults, and individuals with repetitive shoulder use. These injuries range from inflammation and tendinitis to partial or complete tears. Patients often report pain when lifting the arm, weakness in the shoulder, or difficulty sleeping on the affected side.
Initial treatment for rotator cuff injuries typically involves rest, ice, anti-inflammatory medications, and physical therapy to restore strength and flexibility. If the tendon is torn or the pain persists despite conservative care, imaging may reveal the extent of the damage. In such cases, surgical repair may be required to restore proper function and prevent further deterioration. Rehabilitation is key after surgery, and Dr. Cohn works closely with patients throughout recovery to ensure safe and steady progress.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Nerve Under Pressure
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve—running through the wrist’s carpal tunnel—becomes compressed. This condition often affects individuals who perform repetitive hand or wrist movements, such as typing or assembly line work. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, or weakness in the fingers and hand, especially at night or after prolonged use.
Diagnosis often involves a physical exam and nerve conduction studies to confirm the compression. Non-surgical treatments may include wrist splinting, ergonomic adjustments, and corticosteroid injections to relieve inflammation. If symptoms continue or worsen, a minimally invasive procedure known as carpal tunnel release may be performed to relieve pressure on the nerve. Dr. Cohn carefully evaluates the severity of nerve involvement before recommending surgery and prioritizes non-surgical care whenever possible.
ACL Tears: Knee Instability and Sports Injuries
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a key stabilizer in the knee joint. ACL tears are particularly common in sports that involve sudden stops, pivots, or changes in direction—such as soccer, basketball, or skiing. When the ACL is torn, patients often experience a popping sensation, followed by swelling, pain, and instability in the knee. Walking or bearing weight may become difficult, and the knee may feel like it could give out.
Treatment depends on the severity of the tear and the patient’s activity level. Partial tears or less active individuals may recover with bracing and structured physical therapy. However, complete tears—especially in athletes or active individuals—often require surgical reconstruction using a tendon graft. Dr. Cohn provides both surgical and nonsurgical options based on the patient’s goals and lifestyle, with post-treatment physical therapy being a vital part of restoring full knee function.
Tendonitis: Inflammation from Overuse
Tendonitis refers to inflammation of a tendon, usually due to overuse or repetitive strain. It frequently affects the shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, or Achilles tendon. Common examples include tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, and Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms include localized pain, tenderness, and swelling that worsen with movement or physical activity.
Early treatment of tendonitis focuses on rest, ice, anti-inflammatory medications, and activity modification. Physical therapy may be prescribed to stretch and strengthen surrounding muscles, improving biomechanics and preventing recurrence. In cases where conservative therapy fails, options such as ultrasound-guided injections or regenerative medicine may be explored. Dr. Cohn helps patients return to activity safely and addresses the root cause to reduce the risk of chronic irritation.
Meniscus Tears: Cartilage Damage in the Knee
The meniscus is a C-shaped cartilage in the knee that acts as a cushion between the thigh and shin bones. Meniscus tears can happen during sports or everyday activities that involve twisting or squatting. Patients often report a popping sound, followed by swelling, stiffness, or locking in the knee. In some cases, a piece of the torn cartilage may interfere with joint movement.
Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and imaging such as an MRI to determine the type and location of the tear. Small tears may heal with conservative care, including rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. For more serious or displaced tears, arthroscopic surgery may be needed to trim or repair the damaged cartilage. Dr. Cohn tailors treatment based on tear type, patient age, and activity goals, always with an emphasis on preserving joint health and function.
Bursitis: When Cushions Become Inflamed
Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between bones and soft tissues. When these sacs become inflamed—often from repetitive motion or prolonged pressure—bursitis occurs. Common sites include the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee. Patients may experience pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, especially when using the affected joint.
Treatment begins with rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory medication. In some cases, physical therapy or guided aspiration of the bursa may be required to reduce swelling. Preventing recurrence involves modifying activity patterns and improving body mechanics. Dr. Cohn provides detailed care plans to help patients manage bursitis while maintaining mobility and preventing flare-ups.
Resources
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. (2023). OrthoInfo. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2023). Orthopedic Diseases and Treatments. Mayo Clinic.
Speed, C. A. (2001). Corticosteroid injections in tendon lesions. BMJ.
